ESA Galileo satellite set for new orbit

Galileo satellites are placed in medium orbits, at 23 222 km altitude along three orbital planes so that a minimum of four satellites will be visible to user receivers at any point on Earth once the constellation is complete. 

The fifth and sixth Galileo satellites, launched together on 22 August 2014, ended up in an elongated orbit travelling out to 25 900 km above Earth and back down to 13 713 km. 

In addition, the orbits are angled relative to the equator less than originally planned. 

Credit: ESA-P. Carril

ESA's fifth Galileo navigation satellite, one of two left in the wrong orbit this summer, will make a series of manoeuvres this month as a prelude to its health being confirmed.

The aim is to raise the lowest point of its orbit, its perigee, to reduce the radiation exposure from the Van Allen radiation belts surrounding Earth, as well as to put it into a more useful orbit for navigation purposes.

Should the two-week operation prove successful then the sixth Galileo satellite will follow the same route.

The Galileo pair, launched together on a Soyuz rocket on 22 August, ended up in an elongated orbit travelling out to 25 900 km above Earth and back down to 13 713 km.

The target orbit was a purely circular one at an altitude of 23 222 km. In addition, the orbits are angled relative to the equator less than originally planned.

The two satellites have only enough fuel to lift their altitude by about 4000 km, insufficient to correct their orbits entirely.

But the move will take the fifth satellite into a more circular orbit than before, with a higher perigee of 17 339 km.

"The new orbit will fly over the same location every 20 days," explains Daniel Navarro-Reyes, ESA Galileo mission analyst.

"The standard Galileo repeat pattern is every 10 days, so achieving this will synchronise the ground track with the rest of the Galileo satellites.

Orbits of the fifth and sixth Galileo satellites launched together by Soyuz on 22 August 2014, in red, compared to their intended position, in dashed green, and the position of the four satellites launched in 2011 and 2012 in solid green. 

This view looks down over Earth’s South Pole, helping to illustrate how the two satellites’ orbital inclination relative to the equator is less than was intended. 

In addition, the satellites are in an elliptical rather than circular orbit, with a maximum altitude of about 25 900 km and a minimum altitude of about 13 700 km. 

This compares to a planned circular orbit of 23 222 km. 

The satellites are in a safe state, correctly pointing towards the Sun, properly powered and fully under control. 

Credit: ESA

"In addition, from a user receiver point of view, the revised orbit will reduce the variation in signal levels, reduce the Doppler shift of the signal, and increase the satellite's visibility.

"For the satellite, reducing its radiation exposure in the Van Allen radiation belts will protect it from further exposure to charged particles.

"The orbit will also allow Galileo's Earth Sensor to hold a stable direction for the satellite's main antenna to point at Earth.

"Right now, when the satellite dips to its lowest point, Earth appears so large that the sensor is unusable. The satellite relies on gyroscopes alone, degrading its attitude precision."

Present orbits of the fifth and sixth Galileo satellites launched together by Soyuz on 22 August 2014 , in red, compared to their intended position, in dashed green, and the position of the four satellites launched in 2011 and 2012, in solid green. 

This view looks side on to the two satellites’ orbital plane, which is off-centre relative to Earth. 

The targeted orbit was circular, inclined at 55º to the equator at an altitude of 23 222 km. 

The satellites are instead in an elliptical orbit, with a maximum altitude of around 25 900 km, a minimum altitude of around 13 700 km and a lower inclination. 

The satellites are in a safe state, correctly pointing towards the Sun, properly powered and fully under control. 

Credit: ESA

The recovery is being overseen from the Galileo Control Centre in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, with the assistance of ESA's Space Operations Centre, ESOC, in Darmstadt, Germany.

France's CNES space agency is providing additional ground stations so that contact can be maintained with the satellite as needed.

The two satellites were previously Sun-pointing. "On 3 November that changed for the fifth satellite, as it transitioned to normal Earth-pointing mode," adds Daniel.

During November, some 15 manoeuvres will take the satellite into its new orbit. Once there, it can formally begin in-orbit testing. The host satellite's health is checked first, followed by more detailed navigation payload testing.

Third Galileo FOC satellite arrives at ESA's test centre

Technicians roll out the third Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellite from its protective container after its arrival in the cleanroom environment of the ESTEC Test Centre in April 2014. 

Image courtesy ESA-Anneke Le Floc'h.

Europe's latest Galileo navigation satellite has arrived at the Space Agency's Netherlands-based technical centre for testing, as the previous two satellites are prepared for transport to French Guiana for launch in summer this year.

The new satellite travelled safely enclosed within an air-conditioned and environmentally-controlled protective container from its manufacturer, OHB in Bremen, Germany, to ESA's ESTEC Test Centre in Noordwijk, the Netherlands.

The specially-engineered container was only unsealed once the satellite completed its journey by road to the cleanroom conditions of the Test Centre, Europe's largest site for spacecraft testing, containing a suite of test facilities for space simulations and testing under a single roof.

Meanwhile the previous two Galileo satellites have completed their long test campaign at the Test Centre, and are being finalised for shipping to Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana, for launch together by Soyuz.

Europe's first four Galileo satellites are already in orbit, the minimum number needed for achieving a position fix.

These 'In-Orbit Validation' satellites served to demonstrate the overall Galileo system works as planned, while also serving as the operational nucleus of the full Galileo constellation to follow.

Next comes the 22 'Full Operational Capability'(FOC) satellites being made by OHB in Germany, incorporating navigation payloads produced by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd in the UK.

The three FOC satellites currently at ESTEC are the first of these 22 to be tested for launch - all of them will pass through the gates of ESTEC within the next few years on their way to space.

Now detailed 'acceptance testing' will be carried out on this latest arrival, to check the satellite workmanship is up to standard.

A fourth FOC satellite is scheduled to arrive at the ESTEC Test Centre in June 2014- the test facilities can accommodate two Galileos at a time.

Such a changeover between FOC satellites arriving as others are being readied to leave for launch will become commonplace in the next few years, as Europe builds up its constellation.

And in future two-satellite Soyuz launches will be supplemented by four-satellite Ariane 5 launches, employing a specially customised version of the launcher.