Seven Specks of Interstellar Dust returned by the Stardust probe

Looking toward the constellation Ophiuchus, a cloud of interstellar dust reflects the light of a bright star, painting the sky blue. 

Washington University in St. Louis students analyzed dust captured from a stream flowing into the solar system from this direction. 

Credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen

This August, a consortium of 65 scientists announced in the journal Science that they have so far found seven probable but not confirmed ("level 2" ) interstellar dust specks in a collector returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft in 2006.

The September 2014 issue of the journal Meteoritics & Planetary Science was also devoted to the hunt for interstellar dust.

It is a mistake to think of the interstellar dust grains simply as dust, said Christine Floss, PhD, research professor of physics in Arts & Sciences and a member of the consortium.

Floss holding a piece of the Stardust foil. Behind her is the Auger microscope used to identify the elements in crater residues. 

Credit: Joe Angeles /WUSTL Photos

"They are valuable not in and of themselves, but rather for the information they carry."

"To have these grains in your laboratory is like being handed a sealed envelope with 'Secrets of the Universe' scrawled on the outside. Who could resist opening it?"

The seven specks were found in the second of Stardust's two sample trays.

The first tray, which had been exposed to the spray of a comet's tail, was processed in the year following the sample pod's return.

Scientists then turned to the second tray, which was exposed to a stream of interstellar dust flowing through the solar system.

One of the many ironies of the Stardust mission is that the gridwork of aluminum foil, originally intended only to support tiles of a light foam called aerogel that was to collect the dust, proved to be dust collectors as well. Incoming dust pocked them with tiny craters lined with melted residue.

So the searchers were divided into two teams: those scrutinizing the aerogel and those inspecting the foils.

A Stardust sample tray. The aluminum foils accounted for only 15 percent of the surface area but snagged as many interstellar dust candidates as the aerogel. 

Credit: NASA/ JPL/CALTECH

To find the motes in the aerogel, the University of California, Berkeley, organized a citizen-science project, Stardust@home that recruited 30,000 volunteers.

The volunteers, who called themselves 'dusters,' found three of the seven dust particles, which they named Orion, Haylabook and Sorok.

The task of examining the foils was divided among six labs, including the Laboratory for Space Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.

Floss' husband and colleague, Frank Stadermann, was an expert in the analysis of very small samples of extraterrestrial materials and had devoted his career to developing new techniques for this purpose.

As sample advisor for the Stardust mission he helped define the protocols that would govern the search for interstellar dust.

In creating the protocols he and his colleagues were venturing into unexplored territory.

Since nobody had ever worked with interstellar dust, no one could be certain what it was or how best to identify it.

Undergraduate students hired by Floss and Stadermann, who died unexpectedly from a cerebral hemorrhage in 2010, found three of the four craters in the foil probably made by interstellar particles. The fourth was found by another lab.

"We didn't think to name our particles," Floss said. " We missed the boat on that one."

More information: "Evidence for interstellar origin of seven dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft." Science 15 August 2014: Vol. 345 no. 6198 pp. 786-791 DOI: 10.1126/science.1252496

ESA Rosetta Image: Comet 67P/Churymov-Gerasimenko in the constellation Ophiuchus

The OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera aboard ESA's Rosetta probe captured this image on March 21, 2014, showing Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in the constellation Ophiuchus.

Credit: ESA

The ESA's Rosetta spacecraft opened its eyes in January after a 10-year voyage across the solar system and a long hibernation in deep space.

For the first time since its wakeup call, Rosetta spied its destination.

ESA released images Thursday (March 27) showing Rosetta's glimpse of its target, Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

The "first light" images were captured on March 20 and 21 by the OSIRIS wide-angle camera and narrow-angle camera aboard Rosetta, from more than 3 million miles (5 million kilometers) away from the comet.



"Finally seeing our target after a 10 year journey through space is an incredible feeling," Holger Sierks, the OSIRIS principal investigator from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany, said in a statement.

Holger Sierks

"These first images taken from such a huge distance show us that OSIRIS is ready for the upcoming adventure."

The light from the faraway, 2.5-mile-wide (4 km) comet doesn't even fill up a single pixel.

To create the image, researchers had to obtain a series of 60–300 second exposures.

It took 37 minutes for each image to reach Earth and about an hour for each to download, ESA officials said.

ESA's Rosetta, a solar-powered probe, is on track to enter orbit around the icy body in August 2014. By then, Rosetta should have a 2-meter (6.5 feet) per pixel view of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, complete with surface features.

A robotic lander called Philae, which is piggybacking on Rosetta, is scheduled to touch down on the comet in November 2014.

Securing itself with a harpoon and ice screws, Philae will drill samples and conduct experiments with its 10 science instruments, as Rosetta looks on from above.

If all goes as planned, Rosetta and Philae will continue their observations through December 2015.