Galactic 'Supervolcano' Seen Erupting With X-Rays

A galactic "supervolcano" in the massive galaxy M87 is erupting, blasting gas outwards. The cosmic volcano — driven by a giant black hole in M87's center — is preventing hundreds of millions of new stars from forming.

An image, taken by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Large Array, captures the drama in action. [Photo of the galactic "supervolcano."]

"Our results show in great detail that supermassive black holes have a surprisingly good control over the evolution of the galaxies in which they live," said Norbert Werner of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Melo Park, Calif., who led one of two studies of M87's black hole and its effects. "The black hole's reach extends ever farther into the entire cluster, similar to how one small volcano can affect practically an entire hemisphere on Earth."

X-ray galaxy

M87 is about 50 million light-years from Earth and lies at the center of the Virgo cluster, which contains thousands of galaxies. M87 is filled with hot gas that emits X-ray light, which is detectable by Chandra. As the gas cools, it can fall toward the galaxy's center, where it should continue to cool even faster and form new stars.

Yet, radio observations from the Very Large Array suggest that in M87, jets of very energetic particles produced by the black hole interrupt this process. These jets lift up the relatively cool gas near the galaxy's center and produce shock waves in the galaxy's atmosphere from their supersonic speed.

Scientists have found that the interaction of this cosmic "eruption" with the galaxy's environment is very similar to volcanic processes on Earth. In particular, the researchers compared it to the aftermath of the Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruption, which forced much of Europe to close its airports earlier this year.

The energetic particles produced near the black hole rise through the X-ray-emitting atmosphere of the cluster, lifting up the coolest gas near the center of M87 in their wake, similar to the way hot volcanic gases drag up clouds of dark ash.