Scottish Research: Milky Way Galaxy is smaller than believed

The Milky Way is smaller than astronomers previously thought, according to new research by Dr Jorge Penarrubia of Scotland's Edinburgh University.

For the first time, scientists have been able to precisely measure the mass of the galaxy that contains our solar system.

Researchers have found that the Milky Way is approximately half the weight of a neighbouring galaxy, Andromeda, which has a similar structure to our own.

The Milky Way and Andromeda are the two largest in a region of galaxies which astronomers call the Local Group.

Scientists say that Andromeda's extra weight must be present in the form of dark matter, a little-understood invisible substance which makes up most of the outer regions of galaxies.

They estimate that Andromeda contains twice as much dark matter as the Milky Way, causing it to be twice as heavy.

Researchers say their work should help them learn more about how the outer regions of galaxies are structured. Their findings also provide further evidence in support of a theory which suggests that the universe is expanding.

Although both galaxies appear to be of similar dimensions, until now scientists had been unable to prove which is larger.

We always suspected that Andromeda is more massive than the Milky Way, but weighing both galaxies simultaneously proved to be extremely challenging. 

Our study combined recent measurements of the relative motion between our galaxy and Andromeda with the largest catalogue of nearby galaxies ever compiled to make this possible. - Dr Jorge Peñarrubia, Edinburgh University, School of Physics and Astronomy.

Previous studies were only able to measure the mass enclosed within both galaxies' inner regions. In this new study, researchers were also able to work out the mass of invisible matter found in the outer regions of both galaxies, and reveal their total weights. They say 90 per cent of both galaxies' matter is invisible.

An image of the Andromeda galaxy, Messier 31.

Credit: Malyshchyts Viktar / Fotolia

A team of scientists led by the University of Edinburgh used recently published data on the known distances between galaxies, as well as their velocities, to calculate the total masses of Andromeda and the Milky Way.

Journal Reference: Jorge Peñarrubia, Yin-Zhe Ma, Matthew G. Walker, and Alan McConnachie. A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,, 2014; 443: 2204-2222 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stu879