South Pole telescope detector aids study of the universe

Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) users from Argonne's High Energy Physics and Materials Science divisions helped design and operate part of the South Pole Telescope, a project that aims a large telescope at the night sky to track radiation from the period just after the universe was born. 

Developing and designing the detectors for the camera required expertise from several Argonne facilities and research divisions, including the expertise and capabilities in CNM's Nanofabrication & Devices Group.

In the wake of the Big Bang, all matter was hot, dense particles and light. As the universe aged, it began to spread and cool, and the intense light from that period traveled across space.

The light is still traveling and has a very distinct radiation signature called the cosmic microwave background. 

Mapping the cosmic microwave background can reveal information about dark matter and dark energy, which are thought to make up 95% of the universe.

Dark energy affects the way galaxy clusters form. By comparing the distribution of distant galaxy clusters with the distribution observed nearby, scientists can decode the role dark energy plays in the universe.

The majority of cosmic microwave background radiation has wavelengths of 1-2 mm. These photons are absorbed by water, so a dry, flat and preferably cold space is needed to capture them.

The South Pole is one of only two ideal locations on Earth. The South Pole telescope is more than 30 feet across, and Argonne scientists helped build its camera.

Detectors for the camera were developed and designed with expertise from several Argonne facilities and research divisions.

At the core of the detector technology is a thin—at the nanoscale—superconducting film comprised of Mo/Au bilayer-based heterostructures modified with superconducting (niobium) and normal (gold) metal stripes.

Superconductors can carry an electrical charge perfectly and are highly sensitive to changes in temperature.

When thermal radiation from the cosmic microwave background hits the camera, it heats the material slightly, changing the conductivity of the film.

The energy coming from that particular part of the sky is then recorded.

More information: D. Hanson et al., "Detection of B-Mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background with Data from the South Pole Telescope," Physical Review Letters, 111, 141301 (2013)

NASA SMAP: Sophisticated Earth-observing Microwave Radiometer

This photograph shows the SMAP propellant tank after installation at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. 

The propulsion tank was made by ATK Space Systems in Commerce, Calif. The technicians and engineers pictured are (left to right) John Shuping, Ryan Van Schilfgaarde, Bob Path and Vinh Dang. 

Credit: NASA JPL/Corinne Gatto

A NASA team delivered in May a sophisticated microwave radiometer specifically designed to overcome the pitfalls that have plagued similar Earth-observing instruments in the past.

Literally years in the making, the new radiometer, which is designed to measure the intensity of electromagnetic radiation, specifically microwaves, is equipped with one of the most sophisticated signal-processing systems ever developed for an Earth science satellite mission.

Goddard technologists Mark Wong (front left), Damon Bradley (rear left), Lynn Miles (rear right), and Rafael A. Garcia (front right) created the digital-processing system for a new radiometer to debut on NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive mission. 

Credit: NASA Goddard/Pat Izzo

Its developers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center shipped the instrument to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory where technicians will integrate it into the agency's Soil Moisture Active Passive spacecraft (SMAP), along with a synthetic aperture radar system operating at L-band (1.20-1.41 GHz), developed by JPL.

With the two instruments, the NASA mission will globally map soil moisture levels—data that will benefit climate models—when it begins operations a few months after its launch in late 2014.

In particular, the data will give scientists the ability to discern global soil moisture levels, a crucial gauge for drought monitoring and prediction, and fill gaps in scientists' understanding of the water cycle.

Also important, it could help crack an unsolved climate mystery: the location of the places in the Earth system that store carbon dioxide.

This is an artist's concept of NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive mission. Credit: NASA/JPL

Years in the Making
Building the new radiometer took years to accomplish and involved the development of advanced algorithms and an onboard computing system capable of crunching a deluge of data estimated at 192 million samples per second.

Despite the challenges, team members believe they've created a state-of-the-art instrument that is expected to triumph over the data-acquisition troubles encountered by many other Earth-observing instruments.

The signal received by the instrument will have penetrated most non-forest vegetation and other barriers to gather the naturally emitted microwave signal that indicates the presence of moisture. The wetter the soil, the colder it will look in the data.

The instrument's measurements include special features that allow scientists to identify and remove the unwanted "noise" caused by radio-frequency interference from the many Earth-based services that operate near the instrument's microwave-frequency band.

The same noise has contaminated some of the measurements gathered by the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite (SMOS) and NASA's Aquarius satellite. These spacecraft found that the noise was particularly prevalent over land.

"This is the first system in the world to do all this," said Instrument Scientist Jeff Piepmeier, who came up with the concept at NASA Goddard.

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