Variations in soil moisture and ocean salinity are a consequence of the continuous exchange of water between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land - Earth's water cycle.
ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission has gone beyond its original scientific brief of delivering critical information for understanding the water cycle - this versatile satellite is now being used to predict drought and improve crop yield in regions prone to famine.
The US Department of Agriculture use satellite images and soil moisture data to help identify abnormal weather that may affect the production and yield of crops.
Using this information, they publish monthly estimates of world production, supply and distribution.
As well as offering traders and commodity markets a source of unbiased information, these estimates provide decision-makers with critical information for countries that may need food aid as a result of severe droughts.
Identifying when and where there may be a risk of famine involves measuring soil moisture in the 'root-zone' during the growing season, and detecting the onset and severity of drought.
Analysts use information linked to drought from a range of observing systems to compile these crop production forecasts.
In the past, the amount of moisture in the soil available to plants was estimated by integrating daily observations of rainfall and temperatures into computer models of soil-water balance. However, this approach only works reliably in areas where high-quality observations are available.
In large areas of the world, such as southern Africa, there are little or no such data.
Turning to space, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service has started to incorporate data from ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite into their forecasting system.
Carrying a novel sensor, SMOS captures images of 'brightness temperature'. These images correspond to microwave radiation emitted from Earth's surface and can be related to soil moisture and ocean salinity - two key variables in Earth's water cycle.
Through SMOS, the US service obtains timely information on soil moisture patterns, which help to predict how the health of plants will change and, therefore, how productive they will be.
Testing the SMOS readings for this purpose, they received very positive feedback from analysts in southern Africa. This is a challenging area because there are very few working rain gauges.
The new product is available on the Crop Explorer website.
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