Astrophysicists model the formation of the oldest star in Milky Way

The illustration shows projections of the gas density, temperature and the fraction of ionized carbon in the central region where the star forms, in simulations with different abundances of the heavy elements, from 0.01 to 0.0001 times the solar value. 

The results show that a strong transition occurs for a carbon abundance of 0.01 times the solar value, providing a pathway for the formation of low-mass stars. 

Credit: Institute for Astrophysics Göttingen

A team of researchers led by Dr. Stefano Bovino at the Institute for Astrophysics Göttingen (IAG) has conducted high-resolution simulations investigating the formation of the oldest-known star in our galaxy, SMSS J031300.36-670839.3, on a Cray supercomputer of the North-German Supercomputing Alliance.

Using the star's abundance patterns, the scientists have performed cosmological simulations which include the dynamics of gas and dark matter as well as the chemical evolution.

From this simulation, the scientists expect to obtain an improved understanding of the transition from the first to the second generation of stars in the universe.

The results of their study were published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

The stars of the first generation have formed out of a primordial gas consisting only of hydrogen and helium.

Their mass was ranging from ten to five hundred times the mass of our Sun.

Nuclear processes in the interior of these stars have created heavy elements like iron, silicon, carbon and oxygen.

When these stars died during the first supernova explosions, the heavy elements have been ejected, and stars of the second generation could form.

"Even for the oldest-known star in the Milky Way galaxy, our simulations indicate that the gas efficiently cools due to the presence of heavy elements," says Dr. Bovino. Such conditions favour the formation of low-mass stars.

The results therefore strongly suggest that the transition to the second generation already occurred after the first supernova explosion.

"The heavy elements provide additional mechanisms for the gas to cool, and it is very important to follow their chemical evolution," explains Dr. Tommaso Grassi from the Center for Star and Planet Formation at the University of Copenhagen.

The scientists have considered SMSS J031300.36-670839.3 for their study, as its abundance patterns were previously shown to be consistent with one single low-energy supernova.

"It seems very likely that this star is indeed one of the very first stars forming out of the metal-enriched gas, providing the chemical conditions right after the first supernova explosion," says Prof. Dominik Schleicher at the IAG.

While this star has a tiny amount of heavy elements, it has a relatively higher carbon abundance.

It in fact represents an entire class with similar properties, and the scientists expect a very similar formation pathway for the entire class.

"The mass of the stars mostly depends on the temperature of the gas, as gravity needs to overcome the thermal pressure during star formation," says Dr. Muhammad Latif, a scientist in the Göttingen Collaborative Research Center 963 on Astrophysical Flow Instabilities and Turbulence.


The new simulations became feasible through the development of the chemistry package KROME, an effort led by Dr. Grassi in Copenhagen.

In the future, the scientists plan to explore a wide range of possible conditions to understand the formation of the most metal-poor stars observed in our Milky Way galaxy.

More information: "Formation of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the presence of far ultraviolet radiation," Stefano Bovino et al., 2014, Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 790, L35: dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/790/2/L35 , On Arxiv: arxiv.org/abs/1406.4450

Astrophysicists propose 'Planck star' are core of black holes

This artist's concept depicts a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy. 

The blue colour here represents radiation pouring out from material very close to the black hole. 

The grayish structure surrounding the black hole, called a torus, is made up of gas and dust. 

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Two astrophysics, Carlo Rovelli, Centre de Physique Theorique de Luminy and Francesca Vidotto, Radboud University Nijmegen, have uploaded a paper to the preprint server arXiv in which they suggest that a structure known as a Planck star exists at the center of black holes, rather than a singularity.

Carlo Rovelli

This would suggest, they note, that black holes at some point return all the information they have pulled in, to the universe.

The current thinking regarding black holes is that they have two very simple parts, an event horizon and a singularity.

Because a probe cannot be sent inside a black hole to see what is truly going on, researchers have to rely on theories.

The singularity theory suffers from what has come to be known as the "information paradox"—black holes appear to destroy information, which would seem to violate the rules of general relativity, because they follow rules of quantum mechanics instead.

This paradox has left deep thinking physicists such as Stephen Hawking uneasy—so much so that he and others have begun offering alternatives or amendments to existing theories. In this new effort, a pair of physicists suggest the idea of a Planck star.

Francesca Vidotto

The idea of a Planck star has its origins with an argument to the Big Bang theory, this other idea holds that when the inevitable Big Crunch comes, instead of forming a singularity, something just a little more tangible will result, something on the Planck scale.

And when that happens, a bounce will occur, causing the universe to expand again, and then to collapse again and so on forever back and forth.

Rovelli and Vidotto wonder why this couldn't be the case with black holes as well—instead of a singularity at its center, there could be a Planck structure, a star, which would allow for general relativity to come back into play.

If this were the case, then a black hole could slowly over time lose mass due to Hawking Radiation, as the black hole contracted, the Planck star inside would grow bigger as information was absorbed.

Eventually, the star would meet the event horizon and the black hole would dematerialise in an instant as all the information it had ever sucked in was cast out into the universe.

This new idea by Rovelli and Vidotto will undoubtedly undergo close scrutiny in the astrophysicist community likely culminating in debate amongst those who find the idea of a Planck star an answer to the information paradox and those who find the entire idea implausible.

More information: Planck stars, arXiv:1401.6562 [gr-qc] arxiv.org/abs/1401.6562