Kosmos-1220: Russian satellite burns up in Earth atmosphere

The Kosmos-1220 was launched into by Russia in 1980 and classified as defunct the same year. 

Russian officials warned it will re-enter the earth's atmosphere on Sunday February 16, however officials say they don't know exactly where it will land.

Fragments of the defunct Russian Kosmos-1220 reconnaissance satellite have reportedly burned up in the atmosphere.

Kosmos-1220, a defunct Russian satellite was expected to crash back down to Earth today and was said to poses a "very real danger" if it fell on land.

Officials said parts of the Kosmos-1220 satellite fell out of orbit and re-entered the planet's atmosphere at high speeds.

Colonel Alexei Zolotukhin said the satellite fragments would most likely scatter into the Pacific Ocean.

But he accepted that the location of the spread of debris could be anywhere with officials having no control over the satellite.

"As of February 7, 2014 the fragments are expected to fall on February 16," Colonel Zolotukhin told Russian news agency Ria Novosti.

"The exact impact time and location of the fragments from the Kosmos-1220 satellite may change due to external factors."

Kosmos-1220 was launched in 1980 and briefly used by Soviet ships to monitor enemy naval forces before being taken out of service the same year.

Similar uncontrolled descents – such as the November 2013 re-entry of the European Space Agency’s GOCE satellite – have crashed harmlessly into the ocean.

But in 1978, a different decommissioned Kosmos 954 satellite crashed into an unoccupied part of Canada, spreading radioactive debris and leading to a lengthy clean-up.

And in 2009, a third Kosmos 2251 satellite crashed at over 26,000 miles per hour with a U.S. Iridium telecommunications satellite, sending thousands of bits of space junk into orbit.

Few asteroids are worth mining, suggests Harvard study

A new study might contain some bad news for companies hoping to mine asteroids for their valuable ores.

In the last couple of years, start-ups - including one backed by Sir Richard Branson - have announced plans to extract resources from space rocks.

But calculations by Dr Martin Elvis suggest our cosmic neighbourhood might not be such a treasure trove after all.

The Harvard astrophysicist argues just 10 near-Earth asteroids might be suitable for commercial-scale mining.

But Eric Anderson, co-founder of asteroid mining company Planetary Resources, told reporters that the values quoted in the study were off - conservatively - by a factor of 100.

Dr Martin Elvis

Dr Elvis, from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, US, has developed an equation to estimate the number of asteroids in the Solar System that could be exploited in a cost-effective way.

His research paper is in press at the journal Planetary and Space Science, and has been posted on the pre-print server Arxiv.org.

In 2012, Planetary Resources, backed by billionaire investors including Hollywood director James Cameron as well as Google executives Larry Page and Eric Schmidt, unveiled their vision of using robotic spacecraft to squeeze the chemical components of fuel as well as minerals out of asteroid rocks.

Several months later, the company was joined by a competitor - Deep Space Industries - which plans to use low-cost spacecraft called Fireflies and Dragonflies to reconnoitre and return samples from near-Earth asteroids.

Advocates of asteroid mining say it could turn into a trillion-dollar business, but some experts have been sceptical of the idea.

Concentrating efforts
In the latest study, Dr Elvis worked out the factors that would make an asteroid commercially viable to mine and what fraction of known space rocks met these requirements.

He emphasised there were large uncertainties in the values and called for more thorough surveys of what's out there.

He assumed that mining operations would want to focus on iron-nickel asteroids (known as M-type), considered the most promising targets for finding so-called platinum-group metals.

These include platinum, along with iridium, palladium and others.

These are rare in the Earth's crust because they dissolve in molten iron, instead being mainly concentrated in the planet's core.

Platinum and palladium are the most economically important, having a wide range of uses in industry. But according to the analysis, just 1% of near-Earth asteroids are rich in these elements.

Suitable asteroids also need to be relatively easy to reach, further narrowing the pool by ruling out all but the nearest objects to Earth.

The operative parameter here is delta-v - the change in velocity needed to send mining equipment to the target and return with a larger mass of ore.

The size of the target is also a factor; the paper suggests it wouldn't be worth mining asteroids smaller than about 100m because the total value of the ore they would produce wouldn't be enough to cover the costs of a space mission.

However, Dr Elvis points out that the ore values in his analysis range from a low of $800m to a high of $8.8bn.

"Such a large range of values could greatly change the profitability of a venture, making more accurate assays necessary," he explained.

More Information: How Many Ore-Bearing Asteroids? Arxiv.org