Twin Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) are due to lift off aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket on August 23 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
They were placed, in their nose cone, atop the rocket on August 10.
The two satellites will travel in orbits that take them through two extreme and dynamic regions of space surrounding the Earth called the Van Allen Radiation Belt.
They will probe space weather, the direct effects of activity on the Sun, which can in extreme cases damage satellite electronics, GPS services and cause power grids to fail.
Barry Mauk, RBSP project scientist at the Johns Hopkins University, in Maryland, said: "The dramatic dynamics of Earth's radiation belts caused by space weather are highly unpredictable.
"One of the fundamental objectives of the RBSP mission is to use Earth's magnetosphere as a natural laboratory to understand generally how radiation is created and evolves throughout the universe. There are many mysteries that need to be resolved."
Sometimes these particles shoot down to Earth's atmosphere, sometimes they escape into space.
The radiation belts swell and shrink over time, a change that is part of a much larger space weather system that is driven by solar activity as material from the Sun spreads through space.
NASA says that the RBSP probes, the second mission in NASA's Living With a Star program, will help scientists to understand this radiation zone better and to design spacecraft that can survive such environments better.
The spacecraft carrying out such research may eventually help scientists predict space weather before it hits the Earth's neighbourhood.
Follow the RBSP team on Twitter with #RBSP and on their account @RBstormProbes
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