NASA Chandra: Inside the Flame Nebula - NGC 2024

Image credit: X-ray: NASA /CXC /PSU /K.Getman, E.Feigelson, M.Kuhn & the MYStIX team; Infrared:NASA /JPL-Caltech

Stars are often born in clusters, in giant clouds of gas and dust.

Astronomers have studied two star clusters using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and infrared telescopes and the results show that the simplest ideas for the birth of these clusters cannot work, as described in our latest press release.

This composite image shows one of the clusters, NGC 2024, which is found in the center of the so-called Flame Nebula about 1,400 light years from Earth.

In this image, X-rays from Chandra are seen as purple, while infrared data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope are coloured red, green, and blue.

A study of NGC 2024 and the Orion Nebula Cluster, another region where many stars are forming, suggest that the stars on the outskirts of these clusters are older than those in the central regions.

This is different from what the simplest idea of star formation predicts, where stars are born first in the center of a collapsing cloud of gas and dust when the density is large enough.

The research team developed a two-step process to make this discovery. First, they used Chandra data on the brightness of the stars in X-rays to determine their masses.

Next, they found out how bright these stars were in infrared light using data from Spitzer, the 2MASS telescope, and the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT).

By combining this information with theoretical models, the ages of the stars throughout the two clusters could be estimated.

According to the new results, the stars at the center of NGC 2024 were about 200,000 years old while those on the outskirts were about 1.5 million years in age.

In Orion, the age spread went from 1.2 million years in the middle of the cluster to nearly 2 million years for the stars toward the edges.