Laniakea supercluster: Newly identified galactic supercluster, home to the Milky Way

A slice of the Laniakea Supercluster in the supergalactic equatorial plane, an imaginary plane containing many of the most massive clusters in this structure. 

The colours represent density within this slice, with red for high densities and blue for voids, areas with relatively little matter. 

Individual galaxies are shown as white dots. 

Velocity flow streams within the region gravitationally dominated by Laniakea are shown in white, while dark blue flow lines are away from the Laniakea local basin of attraction. 

The orange contour encloses the outer limits of these streams, a diameter of about 160 Mpc. This region contains the mass of about 100 million billion suns. 

Credit: SDvision interactive visualization software by DP at CEA/Saclay, France.

Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's Green Bank Telescope (GBT), among other telescopes, have determined that our own Milky Way galaxy is part of a newly identified ginormous supercluster of galaxies, which they have dubbed "Laniakea," which means "immense heaven" in Hawaiian.

This discovery clarifies the boundaries of our galactic neighbourhood and establishes previously unrecognized linkages among various galaxy clusters in the local Universe.

"We have finally established the contours that define the supercluster of galaxies we can call home," said lead researcher R. Brent Tully, an astronomer at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

"This is not unlike finding out for the first time that your hometown is actually part of much larger country that borders other nations."

The paper explaining this work is the cover story of the September 4 issue of the journal Nature.

Superclusters are among the largest structures in the known Universe. They are made up of groups, like our own Local Group, that contain dozens of galaxies, and massive clusters that contain hundreds of galaxies, all interconnected in a web of filaments.

Though these structures are interconnected, they have poorly defined boundaries.

To better refine cosmic mapmaking, the researchers are proposing a new way to evaluate these large-scale galaxy structures by examining their impact on the motions of galaxies.

A galaxy between structures will be caught in a gravitational tug-of-war in which the balance of the gravitational forces from the surrounding large-scale structures determines the galaxy's motion.

By using the GBT and other radio telescopes to map the velocities of galaxies throughout our local Universe, the team was able to define the region of space where each supercluster dominates.

"Green Bank Telescope observations have played a significant role in the research leading to this new understanding of the limits and relationships among a number of superclusters," said Tully.


The Milky Way resides in the outskirts of one such supercluster, whose extent has for the first time been carefully mapped using these new techniques.

This so-called Laniakea Supercluster is 500 million light-years in diameter and contains the mass of one hundred million billion Suns spread across 100,000 galaxies.

This study also clarifies the role of the Great Attractor, a gravitational focal point in intergalactic space that influences the motion of our Local Group of galaxies and other galaxy clusters.

Two views of the Laniakea Supercluster. 

Credit: SDvision interactive visualization software by DP at CEA/Saclay, France

Within the boundaries of the Laniakea Supercluster, galaxy motions are directed inward, in the same way that water streams follow descending paths toward a valley.

The Great Attractor region is a large flat bottom gravitational valley with a sphere of attraction that extends across the Laniakea Supercluster.

The name Laniakea was suggested by Nawa'a Napoleon, an associate professor of Hawaiian Language and chair of the Department of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature at Kapiolani Community College, a part of the University of Hawaii system. The name honors Polynesian navigators who used knowledge of the heavens to voyage across the immensity of the Pacific Ocean.

More information: Nature, dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13674

Expedition 34 Crew: Welcome Home!

Expedition 34 Flight Engineer Evgeny Tarelkin, left with flowers, Flight Commander Kevin Ford of NASA, center with flowers, and Soyuz Commander Oleg Novitskiy are greeted at the Kustanay Airport a few hours after they landed near the town of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan.

Ford, Novitskiy, and Tarelkin are returning from 142 days onboard the International Space Station where they served as members of the Expedition 33 and 34 crews.

Photo Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls

JAXA Space probe Hayabusa heads home

Japan is counting down to the homecoming of a space hero next week: not an astronaut but a battered machine limping back from a seven-year odyssey to a distant space rock.

It is hoped the small probe Hayabusa ("Falcon") may have beaten bigger US and European projects to become the first spacecraft to bring home raw material from an asteroid, part of the primeval rubble left over from the making of the solar system.

Hayabusa, which cost 12.7 billion yen (138 million dollars) to develop, is approaching the end of a five-billion-kilometre (three-billion-mile) trek with broken engines, failed posture-adjusting devices and disfunctional batteries.

The spacecraft is due to release a canister expected to contain asteroid dust as it approaches Earth, aiming to land it at the Woomera Test Range in the Australian outback on June 13 -- if all goes well.

Hayabusa itself will be incinerated as it smashes into the atmosphere, prompting devout fans to declare that the falcon will be reborn as a "Phoenix" -- a mythical firebird.

The journey has captured the public imagination, with a computer-graphics movie "Hayabusa back to the Earth" drawing some 150,000 people at planetariums across the nation and proposals that the spacecraft be given a National Honour Award.

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), on a special website (http://hayabusa.jaxa.jp/), has received nearly 1,000 messages treating the probe as a human boy and cheering him on in the lonely, difficult journey.

"What's special to Hayabusa is it has enthusiastic fans. I believe ordinary people love it because it tried what is unprecedented," JAXA associate professor Makoto Yoshikawa, told AFP.

The car-size probe with solar paddles has already become the world's first spacecraft to land on and lift off a celestial body other than the moon after it made a rendezvous with the potato-shaped asteroid Itokawa.

The EU flag that Flew in Space returns home with Fugelsang

Mr Fredrik Reinfeldt, the Prime Minister of Sweden, which currently holds the presidency of the EU, was on Monday presented with a European flag that travelled 9 262 217 km in space aboard the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.

When Swedish ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang was launched into space on the Space Shuttle Discovery on 28 August, the crew carried a special item: an EU flag with the famous circle of golden stars on a blue background, representing solidarity and harmony between the peoples of Europe.
This flag was seen on the TV images sent from the ISS and is in the background of many of the photographs taken during Fuglesang’s mission. Having travelled 217 times around the globe, the flag returned to Earth with the STS-128 crew and is now back in Europe.

The flag was handed over to Mr Reinfeldt at a ceremony in the Rosenbad government palace in Stockholm on Monday afternoon in the presence of ESA Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain.

“The ISS is a fantastic technological endeavour, which now will be utilised to its full potential for some 10 years,” said Mr Dordain at the ceremony. “However its most important feature is the international partnership, which has shaped, and which will be the foundation for, future space exploration.”

Discovery also carried into space the Multipurpose Logistics Module, containing a number of microgravity experiments, as the primary payload. During the mission, the crew made three spacewalks, during which Fuglesang replaced a materials processing experiment outside ESA's Columbus module and returned an empty ammonia tank assembly to the Shuttle payload bay.

ESA Astronaut Frank de Winne comes safely home from ISS

European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Frank De Winne, Expedition 21 commander, works with the RadSilk experiment in the Kibo laboratory of the International Space Station. RadSilk examines the effects of radiation exposure in microgravity on silkworms.

Scorched Soyuz Re-entry Capsule
After falling through the Earth's atmosphere where th eouter coating is burned off, the Soyuz TMA-15 reentry module (shown here) landed safely in Kazakhstan at 13.15 local time (08.15 CET), bringing ESA astronaut Frank De Winne, Russian cosmonaut Roman Romanenko and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk back to Earth.

3 Men in a Fireball!
The wild ride and parachute landing concluded the six-month OasISS mission, ESA’s second long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS).

First European Commander
This flight saw Frank De Winne, from Belgium, become the first European to take command of the largest human outpost ever assembled in space. When De Winne, Romanenko and Thirsk arrived on the ISS in May 2009, they joined the three resident astronauts to form the first permanent crew of six, allowing more scientific experiments to be conducted onboard.

Swedish Astronaut Christer Fugelsang
In August 2009, De Winne was joined by ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang, from Sweden, as part of the 14-day Alissé mission on the Space Shuttle STS-128 flight. Fuglesang participated in two spacewalks and returned to Earth with the first external payload from Europe’s Columbus laboratory module. The European Technology Exposure Facility had been in space since February 2008 and continues to yield a wealth of samples and data for the international science teams.

Japan's HTV-1 Duties
Soyuz TMA-15 crew: Frank De Winne, Roman Romanenko and Bob Thirsk
During his six months on the ISS, De Winne was instrumental in performing the robotic operations during which Japan’s HTV 1 supply ferry was attached to the ISS and the external payloads of Japan’s Kibo laboratory were installed.